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Transfusion-transmitted parasitic infections
Singh Gagandeep,Sehgal Rakesh
Asian Journal of Transfusion Science , 2010,
Abstract: The transmission of parasitic organisms through transfusion is relatively rare. Of the major transfusion-transmitted diseases, malaria is a major cause of TTIP in tropical countries whereas babesiosis and Chagas′ disease pose the greatest threat to donors in the USA In both cases, this is due to the increased number of potentially infected donors. There are no reliable serologic tests available to screen donors for any of these organisms and the focus for prevention remains on adherence to donor screening guidelines that address travel history and previous infection with the etiologic agent. One goal is the development of tests that are able to screen for and identify donors potentially infectious for parasitic infections without causing the deferral of a large number of non-infectious donors or significantly increasing costs. Ideally, methods to inactivate the infectious organism will provide an element of added safety to the blood supply.
Guest commentary: Plasmodium knowlesi-need to diagnose in India
Abhishek Mewara,Rakesh Sehgal
- , 2017, DOI: 10.4103/2229-5070.202287
Abstract:
Trichomoniasis and Lactoferrin: Future Prospects
Rakesh Sehgal,Kapil Goyal,Alka Sehgal
Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology , 2012, DOI: 10.1155/2012/536037
Abstract: Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan which infects the urogenital tract and requires iron as an essential nutrient. Iron is known to upregulate various adhesins required for cytoadherance and other factors involved in pathogenesis. At mucosal surfaces, iron is chelated by lactoferrin resulting in low levels of free iron. However, pathogens have evolved mechanisms for an increased uptake of iron. The present review highlights the role of iron in survival of Trichomonas during fluctuating concentrations of iron at mucosal surfaces during the menstrual cycle. Future prospects in terms of new drug and vaccine targets related to iron and its receptors have also been described.
Identification and Characterization of Heparan Sulphate Binding Proteins of Entamoeba histolytica  [PDF]
Upninder Kaur, Sumeeta Khurana, Uma Nahar Saikia, Mohan Lal Dubey, Rakesh Sehgal
Journal of Biosciences and Medicines (JBM) , 2018, DOI: 10.4236/jbm.2018.68005
Abstract: A large number of microbial pathogens bind to heparan sulphate on eukaryotic cell surfaces. Heparan Sulphate Binding Proteins (HSBPs) from Entamoeba histolytica culture lysates were obtained by sequential ammonium sulphate precipitation and Protein purify. SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting experiments indicated the presence of two major extracellular proteins in E. histolytica (51.2 kDa and 61.0 kDa). Characterization of HSBPs by 2D Gel electrophoresis of 40% (NH4)2SO4 precipitated lysate of E. histolytica revealed that the isoelectric point of 51.2 kDa HSBP was at pH3.0. The protein of 61.0 kDa HSBP showed three spots in 40% (NH4)2SO4 lysate which had isoelectric point between pH 4.0 - 7.0. While in 80% (NH4)2SO4 precipitated lysate, 51.2 kDa HSBP showed only one spot which had isoelectric point at pH 3. However, 61.0 kDa HSBP revealed 2 spots which had isoelectric point between pH 4 and 5. The result showed that this parasite has proteins which interact with heparan sulphate whose molecular formula is C14H23NO21S-23. These proteins may have a role in binding of parasite to heparan sulphate on host cells. Further characterization by MALDI-TOF analysis of HSBPs from E. histolytica demonstrated HSBPs to be novel protein in this parasite which has been isolated, purified and characterized first time by our group in the present study.
Trend Analysis of Three Major Mosquito Borne Diseases in Punjab, India  [PDF]
Gagandeep Singh Grover, Jaspreet Takkar, Taruna Kaura, Seema Devi, Naveed Pervaiz, Upninder Kaur, Rakesh Sehgal
Journal of Biosciences and Medicines (JBM) , 2020, DOI: 10.4236/jbm.2020.85001
Abstract: Background & Objectives: Understanding the distribution and prevalence of three major mosquito borne diseases in an area is critical for the development of effective vector control strategies and public health interventions. The present study is therefore aimed to explore the epidemiological trend of malaria, dengue and chikungunya from 2012 to 2018 in Punjab. Methods: Quantitatively retrospective data was collected from Department of Health and Family Welfare, the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP), Punjab from 2012 to March 2018. The collected data was statistically analysed. Results: In case of malaria highest prevalent districts in Punjab are Mansa and Bathinda, for dengue Patiala, Ludhiana and S.A.S. Nagar and Patiala for chikungunya. Malaria was reported mainly from rural areas while dengue and chikungunya were found more in urban areas. For all three mosquito borne diseases, males were infected more as compared to females. Malaria cases were reported in months of August and September while dengue cases increased from July to November whereas chikungunya cases were highest in months of August to October. Conclusions: These findings help in concluding the trend analysis which in turn helps us to increase our focus on disease endemic districts along with boosting the vector control strategies in respective districts. Further the control of these mosquito borne diseases can be solved by employing adequate human resources, by increasing awareness in the community by conducting health camps and strengthening the entomological surveillance for timely reduction in the breeding of the vectors, especially before the repeated rise in cases during the period from July to November each year.
Evaluation of Nephroprotective and Immunomodulatory Activities of Antioxidants in Combination with Cisplatin against Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis
Meenakshi Sharma,Rakesh Sehgal,Sukhbir Kaur
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases , 2012, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001629
Abstract: Background Most available drugs against visceral leishmaniasis are toxic, and growing limitations in available chemotherapeutic strategies due to emerging resistant strains and lack of an effective vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis deepens the crisis. Antineoplastic drugs like miltefosine have in the past been effective against the parasitic infections. An antineoplastic drug, cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II; CDDP), is recognized as a DNA-damaging drug which also induces alteration of cell-cycle in both promastigotes and amastigotes leading to cell death. First in vivo reports from our laboratory revealed the leishmanicidal potential of cisplatin. However, high doses of cisplatin produce impairment of kidney, which can be reduced by the administration of antioxidants. Methodology/Principal Findings The present study was designed to evaluate the antileishmanial effect of cisplatin at higher doses (5 mg and 2.5 mg/kg body weight) and its combination with different antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E and silibinin) so as to eliminate the parasite completely and reduce the toxicity. In addition, various immunological, hematological and biochemical changes induced by it in uninfected and Leishmania donovani infected BALB/c mice were investigated. Conclusion/Significance A significant reduction in parasite load, higher IgG2a and lower IgG1 levels, enhanced DTH responses, and greater concentration of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2) with a concomitant down regulation of IL-10 and IL-4 pointed towards the generation of the protective Th1 type of immune response. A combination of cisplatin with antioxidants resulted in successful reduction of nephrotoxicity by normalizing the enzymatic levels of various liver and kidney function tests. Reduction in parasite load, increase in Th1 type of immune responses, and normalization of various biochemical parameters occurred in animals treated with cisplatin in combination with various antioxidants as compared to those treated with the drug only. The above results are promising as antioxidants reduced the potential toxicity of high doses of cisplatin, making the combination a potential anti-leishmanial therapy, especially in resistant cases.
Role of cholesterol in parasitic infections
Devendra Bansal, Harinderpal Bhatti, Rakesh Sehgal
Lipids in Health and Disease , 2005, DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-4-10
Abstract: Parasitic protozoa and helminthes are responsible for some of the most devastating and prevalent diseases of humans, threatening the lives of nearly one-third of the worldwide human population leading to more than 2 million deaths annually. Habitats of parasites are extremely varied and common parasites of man (protozoa, helminthes and arthropods) normally inhabit the intestine, blood, liver, lungs brain, muscles and lymphatic tissues [1]. Many species of parasites have complex life cycles involving developmental stages that live in soil or water, or use various kinds of intermediate hosts, including vertebrates and invertebrates and cold and warm-blooded animals. In such varied environments, parasites have become adapted to using/tolerating widely differing oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen ion concentrations and temperatures [1]. Their nutritional requirements and their means of obtaining and utilizing the nutrients required for growth, motility and reproduction are also varied. The requirement of cholesterol for internalization of eukaryotic pathogens under such variable circumstances is poorly understood.The present review highlights the role of lipids and their metabolical mechanisms in protozoan and helminthic infections.Cholesterol is a major constituent of eukaryotic membranes and plays a crucial role in cellular membrane organization, dynamics, function and sorting. It is often found distributed non-randomly in domains in membranes [2]. Recent observations suggest that cholesterol exerts many of its actions by maintaining a specialized type of membrane domain, termed "lipid rafts" in a functional state. Lipid rafts are enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids, and have been thought to act as platform through which signal transduction events are coordinated and pathogens gain entry to infect host cells [3].Relationship of serum cholesterol levels in man infected with parasites has drawn the attention of various workers. Since it has been shown in-vitro studi
Wear behavior of differently cryogenically treated AISI H13 steel against cold work steel
Rakesh Sehgal,Sanjeev Katoch,Vishal Singh
- , 2019, DOI: 10.1177/0954408918781621
Abstract: The effect of different cryogenic treatments on the wear behavior of chromium base die steel under dry condition has been examined at five levels of sliding velocity and normal loads. Parameters chosen for cryogenic treatment cycles are subjected to soaking duration of 6, 21, and 36？h at soaking temperatures of ？154？℃ and ？184？℃. Soaking period of 21？h shows higher wear resistance, whereas 36？h treatment shows the reduction in wear resistance. Worn out surface and wear debris exhibit that mechanisms responsible for wear of samples are rupturing of martensitic matrix and delaminating
In vitro activity of antiamoebic drugs against clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar
Devendra Bansal, Rakesh Sehgal, Yogesh Chawla, Ramesh Mahajan, Nancy Malla
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials , 2004, DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-3-27
Abstract: A total of 45 clinical isolates (15 E. histolytica and 30 E. dispar) were maintained in polyxenic cultures followed by monoxenic cultures. In vitro drug sensitivity (IC50) of clinical isolates and standard reference strain of E. histolytica (HM1: IMSS) was assessed by nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay after exposure to various concentrations of each drug.The results showed that all clinical isolates had a higher IC50 compared to reference strain to all the four drugs. E. histolytica isolates appeared to be more susceptible [IC50 (μm) 13.2,26.3,31.2 and 12.4] compared to E. dispar isolates [IC50(μm) 15.6,28.9,32.8 and 13.2] and the reference strain of E. histolytica [IC50 (μm) 9.5, 15.5, 29.9 and 10.2] to the metronidazole, chloroquine, emetine and tinidazole respectively.The results indicate that till date, Entamoeba isolates in India do not seem to be resistant to the commonly used antiamoebic drugs.Entamoeba histolytica, is the etiological agent of amoebic dysentery and amoebic liver abscess (ALA). Worldwide, 40–50 million symptomatic cases of amoebiasis occur annually and 70,000 to 100,000 deaths due to this infection [1]. There are two distinct, but morphologically identical species of Entamoeba: Entamoeba histolytica, which is pathogenic and Entamoeba dispar, which is non-pathogenic. E. histolytica, has the capacity to invade intestinal mucosa resulting in intestinal amoebiasis and cause extra intestinal amoebiasis [amoebic liver abscess (ALA)] [2].Infection is primarily treated by instituting antiamoebic therapy. Drugs of choice for invasive amoebiasis are tissue active agents, like metronidazole, tinidazole and chloroquine or the more toxic emetine derivatives, including dehydroemetine. Metronidazole and tinidazole are derived from 5-nitroimdazole which kill the trophozoites by alterations in the protoplasmic organelles of the amoeba, but are ineffective in the treatment of cyst passers. Chloroquine is derived from 4-aminoquinolines, which acts on
The absence of JC virus antigens in Indian children with medulloblastomas
Vasishta Rakesh,Pasricha Neelam,Nath Avindra,Sehgal Shobha
Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology , 2009,
Abstract: Background: The human polyoma virus, also known as the JC virus (JCV), replicates predominantly in the oligodendrocytes, the myelin producing cells in the central nervous system and results in the fatal demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) especially in immunosuppressed patients with AIDS. Several investigators have also documented the presence of the viral genome and early and late antigens in a variety of brain tumors particularly in medulloblastomas, gliomas and ependymomas. Reports also indicate the presence of JCV in patients with colon cancer. The T antigen of JCV has been postulated to have oncogenic potential as substantiated by animal experiments. Although JCV infects 80% of the population, there are scant epidemiological studies regarding JCV from India. There are also reports of the low prevalence of PML in patients with AIDS from India and Africa. Aim: This study was undertaken to investigate if Indian children with medulloblastomas also show evidence of JCV. Methods: Twenty-two consecutive cases of medulloblastomas were investigated for the presence of T antigen and agnoprotein of JCV in biopsy specimens by immunohistochemistry. Antibodies to the agnoprotein antigen raised in rabbits and a monoclonal antibody against SV40 T antigen raised in mice that cross-reacts with JCV T antigen were used. Results: Out of 22 patients, 4 had desmoplastic tumors while the rest had classical tumors. All children were below the age of 10. Results indicate that while PML tissues showed consistent immunostaining both with antibody to T antigen and agnoprotein antibody, none of the tumors showed any positive staining for JC viral antigens. Conclusion: JCV antigens could not be detected by immunohistochemistry in the tumor tissues of Indian children with medulloblastomas.
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